MTD aims to promote better and more timely record-keeping to reduce errors and mistakes. It is part of the Government’s aim to reduce the tax gap.

MTD will operate on a more modern HMRC IT platform, improving security whilst enabling improved digital services such as pre-population of data and nudges/prompts to taxpayers fed by better connections with data held by HMRC.

The Making Tax Digital program was first announced in 2015. MTD for VAT was fully implemented in 2022. MTD for income tax (MTD) is a more complicated program, and has experienced a number of deferrals.

The Government confirmed its commitment to MTD on the timescale below at the Autumn Budget 2024. Based on our engagement with HMRC, the ATT has greater confidence than ever that MTD will go ahead from April 2026. 

MTD will have three key components: digital records, quarterly updates, and a year-end declaration. All transfers of data to meet these requirements will have to be done using digital links. See the relevant topics below for more details. 

No, the payment dates for tax will remain the same as under Self-Assessment – ie tax payable by 31 January following the end of each tax year, with payments on account payable for the following year by 31 January and 31 July where relevant. 

MTD will create additional record keeping and administration for many businesses and landlords. Professional agents will be able to assist their clients in complying with MTD. Our Find an ATT service can help you find qualified advisers who can assist with MTD.

MTD will apply to self-employed individuals and landlords with gross ‘qualifying income’ above the relevant threshold – broadly their combined income from trading and property, all measured before expenses. 

The date from which you have to comply with MTD depends on your qualifying income – ie your combined income from self-employment and property, all measured before expenses.

If your qualifying income is over £50,000, you will need to comply with MTD from April 2026. If your qualifying income is over £30,000, you will need to comply from April 2027. Those with qualifying income over £20,000 will need to comply from April 2028. 

See the ‘Joining MTD’ topic for more details of what counts as qualifying income and when it’s measured. 

See also 'What exemptions and deferrals are available' for details of taxpayers who may be exempt, or who may have longer to comply with MTD.

Nothing has been confirmed regarding MTD for taxpayers with qualifying income below £20,000. 

However, at Spring Statement 2025 the Government announced its intention to "continue to explore how we can best bring the benefits of digitalisation to a greater proportion of the 4 million sole traders and landlords who have income below the £20,000 threshold."

MTD is intended to be rolled out to limited companies, partnerships and limited liability partnerships (LLPs) at some point in the future. No timescales have been proposed at the date of publishing shown above. 

Members of partnerships and LLPs are also outside the scope of MTD in respect of their partnership income. They may need to comply with MTD if they have other sources of qualifying income (self-employment or property income outside the partnership).

You will not need to comply with MTD if your qualifying income is below the relevant threshold. See the ‘Who’s in and when’ and ‘Joining MTD’ topics for more information.

If you don’t have a National Insurance number on 31 January, you will be exempt from MTD for the following tax year. 

Other automatic exemptions include:

• Trustees and personal representatives

• Foster carers

• Non-resident companies

The above exemptions apply automatically and do not need to be claimed.

You should be able to claim exemption from MTD for Income Tax if any of the following apply:

• It’s not reasonably practicable for you to use digital tools to keep your business records or submit quarterly returns due to age, disability, remoteness of location or any other reason (often referred to as ‘digital exclusion’).
• You are subject to an insolvency procedure.
• Your business is run entirely by practising members of a religious society or order whose beliefs are incompatible with using electronic communications or keeping electronic records.

Where any of the above apply, you will have to apply to HMRC to claim an exemption, with HMRC having 28 days to either grant or deny the application. The method of applying for this exemption hasn’t been confirmed at the time of writing.

These exemptions mirror those applicable to MTD for VAT. If you have already qualified for an exemption from MTD for VAT, you will also be exempt from MTD for Income Tax without needing to apply for exemption again.

See GOV.UK for further details of MTD exemptions. 

Further exemptions were announced at Spring Statement 2025:

• taxpayers who have a Power of Attorney
• non-UK resident foreign entertainers and sportspeople (provided they have no other income within MTD)
• taxpayers for whom HMRC “cannot provide a digital service”

These exemptions will be subject to taxpayers "notifying and satisfying HMRC that they are exempt". We expect further details in due course, along with clarification of the final bullet above as it is unclear who this is intended to exempt.

At Spring Statement 2025 it was announced that the following groups would not have to comply with MTD during the current Parliament:

• ministers of religion 
• Lloyd’s Underwriters 
• recipients of the Married Couples’ Allowance 
• recipients of the Blind Persons’ Allowance 

In addition, individuals who submit an residence/remittance basis pages with their tax returns (SA109) won’t be brought into MTD until April 2027. This appears to mean a non-resident individual with more than £50,000 of qualifying income will not need to comply with MTD until April 2027 (one year later than their UK-resident counterpart).

The thresholds for each phase of MTD mandation will be assessed against the gross qualifying income reported on the most recent tax return filed prior to the mandation date (assuming all returns are filed on time). 

For instance, 2024/25 tax returns will be due for submission by 31 January 2026. If that return reports gross qualifying income of more than £50,000, that individual will have to join MTD from April 2026.

HMRC have indicated they will look at the following Self-Assessment return boxes in applying the MTD thresholds:

• Self-Employment Turnover  - either SA103F - Box 15 or SA103S - Box 9 or SA200 box 3.6
• Self-Employment Other Income - either SA103F - Box 16 or SA103S - Box 10
• UK Property Income - either SA105 Box 20 or SA200 box 6.1
• Other UK Property Income (grant of lease) - SA105 Box 22
• Other UK Property Income (reverse premiums) - SA105 Box 23
• (for 2024/25 only) Furnished Holiday Let (FHL) Income - SA105 Box 5
• Foreign Property Gross Income - SA106 Box 14
• Foreign Property Income (premiums) - SA106 Box 16

The figures reported in these boxes will be combined and, if the total exceeds the relevant threshold, the taxpayer will be mandated into MTD from the start of the next tax year following the filing deadline for the return in question, as explained above.

More information on how we understand the income thresholds will work in practice can be found in our technical article How does the income exemption work for MTD?

Adjustments for basis period reform should be ignored when determining qualifying income. See our related news article regarding some possible confusion which could arise from letters HMRC are sending as advance notice that MTD might apply to taxpayers based on tax returns for the year ended 5 April 2024.

HMRC have also published guidance on how to work out your qualifying income. 

If the sole trade or property income you declare on your tax return relates to a new source of income which started in the year, the figure reported will need to be adjusted in order to compare 12 months’ worth of income against the MTD mandation threshold.

For instance, if you became self-employed on 1 January 2025 and earn gross income of £10,000 per month, your 2024/25 tax return will show £30,000 of income, which is below the MTD mandation threshold for April 2026. But that amount will need to be adjusted to estimate a full year’s worth of income – ie £120,000. You will therefore need to comply with MTD from April 2026 as your qualifying income exceeds £50,000 when adjusted pro-rata for a full year.

The MTD regulations do provide for an alternative approach of applying an alternative method if annualising ‘would work unreasonably or unjustly’.  This may be helpful for seasonal trades, where income is not expected to be even throughout the year, though HMRC have not yet confirmed their position.

Your qualifying income includes only your share of the gross rents from any property you own jointly. For instance, two spouses with a jointly-owned property which generates £24,000 of rent annually will each have qualifying income from this source of £12,000 per year.

Income which is not declared on the Self-Assessment  (SA) return will not be taken into account when applying the thresholds.  This means that, for example, rent a room receipts below the £7,500 threshold, or trading or property income below £1,000 where the trading / property allowance is claimed, will not count towards the threshold (provided they are not included on the SA return).

For example, if you have £29,000 of trading income and £5,000 of rent a room income, you will not be mandated into MTD as the rent a room receipts are not reported on your tax return and are therefore ignored for the purposes of the threshold test.

However, if you are required to join MTD anyway (ie because you have other income which takes you above the threshold) you will be required to account for all of your property or trading income under MTD.  For example, if you have gross trading income of £36,000 and rent a room receipts of £5,000 you will have to meet the MTD requirements for both your trade and property income from 2027/28.

Once you are mandated into MTD, you will only become exempt if your qualifying income falls below the MTD income threshold for three consecutive tax years (based on filed tax returns, or quarterly updates where the deadline has not yet passed for filing the return for a year).

See the worked example in our article 'How does the income exemption work for MTD?' for further details. 

Depending on the facts and circumstances, it may be possible to apply for exemption on the grounds it is ‘not reasonably practicable’ for you to comply with MTD (for example because you are winding down your business and have very low profits which are extinguished by the costs of complying with MTD). However, you would need to convince HMRC that you meet the requirements for this exemption.

Otherwise, see the ‘Exemptions’ topic. 

If you’re in MTD, you will have to keep digital records of the amount, category and date of income and expenses relating to your self-employment and/or property business in some form of software. The categories used will follow those on current Self-Assessment returns.

Optional simplified record keeping options will be available in some cases – see the ‘Simplification options’ topic for more details. 

Digital records can be kept either in purpose-built software, or on spreadsheets. 

From your digital records, you will have to submit a summary of your business income and expenses every quarter. 

No, the quarterly updates won’t be as detailed as the annual tax return. You won’t need to make accounting or tax adjustments, unless you choose to, and you only need to include details relating to your self-employment and/or property business. 

The quarterly updates will operate cumulatively. By default, the quarters will be based on the dates of the tax year and will cover the following periods, with the following deadlines, regardless of the accounting period end of the business:

Alternatively, a ‘calendar quarters election’ will be possible, which will align the quarterly update periods with calendar months instead of with the tax year. This is likely to be simpler for businesses which compile their accounts to a month-end date rather than to match the tax year. Where this election is made, the quarterly updates will be as follows:

Note that the filing deadline does not change where a calendar quarters election is made.

A separate quarterly update will be needed for each trade or property business. If you have sole trade and property income, you will need to submit eight quarterly submissions each year. 

Quarterly updates will be cumulative, so if an error is discovered in a previous submission, it can be corrected the following quarter. You will also need to correct the underlying digital records. 

Each quarterly update will need to be filed by the 7th of the month following the quarter-end – eg 7 August for the first quarterly submission.

The submission date does not change where a ‘calendar quarters election’ is made (see above).

After the fourth and final quarterly update has been submitted, you will need to file a ‘digital tax return’. This will have similarities with the current Self-Assessment return, but will pre-populate with the income and expenses from the quarterly updates already filed. Those entries will need to be adjusted for accounting and tax purposes (eg disallowing elements of private use or capital expenditure) .

Any non-business income sources, such as bank interest or salaries / pensions, will need to be reported, although MTD aims to enable greater pre-population of data held by HMRC, which should mean you just need to check HMRC’s figures. The digital tax return will also be the place to claim relevant tax reliefs, such as for pension contributions made during the year.

You will need to file one end of year submission for each tax year. It will be due by the normal Self-Assessment deadline of 31 January following the relevant tax year.

From the point where business records are created in software, all transfers of data will have to be made digitally, including: submitting the quarterly updates, making any corrections, and filing the year-end declaration. This also includes any transfers of business records, for instance between you and any bookkeeper or accountant you employ.

Permitted digital transfer methods include emailing, importing data and use of memory sticks. We are expecting further guidance from HMRC on permitted practices, but copying and pasting or manually retyping entries will not be allowed.

Where business or property income is below the VAT registration threshold, you will be able to use ‘three-line accounts’ for that income source. This means you can record each item of income and expense without needing to allocate it to a specific category of income/expense type. The total income and total expenses will need to be reported each quarter, with no detailed categorisation needed.

The exception to this rule is residential finance costs (eg mortgage interest) for landlords, which still have to be categorised separately. 

If you’re sure you'll use simplified expenses or will claim the property and/or trading allowance, you don't need to keep records of your actual expenses.

Retailers can include in their digital records a single daily gross takings figure, rather than recording each transaction individually.

Simplification options are also planned to accommodate the range of record keeping arrangements which can exist between joint owners of rental properties. See Joint property owners section for more details. 

We've prepared a summary of the above simplification options, which are also called easements. The summary shows the implications for both digital record keeping and quarterly updates of each possible easement, and includes links to further information from HMRC. 

Landlords will only need to keep digital records and submit quarterly updates in respect of their share of income and expenses relating to jointly owned properties.

You can choose to either keep full, line-by-line details of your share of income and expenses from jointly owned properties, or, in respect of your jointly owned properties only, you can choose to record your share of income each quarter, and your share of expenses annually. 

You can choose to submit full details of income and expenses each quarter. Alternatively, in respect of jointly owned properties only, you can choose to just report your share of income (not expenses) each quarter. Your share of expenses would be reported via your end of year submission (tax return) instead.

Joint property owners with property income below the VAT registration threshold can also use Three-line accounts, as explained under the ‘Simplification options’ topic. 

See the article MTD notices relax rules for joint property owners written by the ATT and published on AccountingWEB, which explains the choices available to joint property owners. 

We've also prepared a summary of the MTD easements available, including those relevant to joint property owners. Our summary shows the implications for both digital record keeping and quarterly updates and includes links to further information from HMRC. 

HMRC will not provide MTD compatible software themselves, but most major software providers are expected to offer suitable products. HMRC have published a list of compatible software for MTD, including bridging software and some free options,  but the choice available is expected to grow as we get nearer to MTD going live. HMRC maintain a list of compatible software. 

Unlike the current Self-Assessment system, HMRC will not provide an online filing service to submit the tax return for taxpayers in MTD, so this will have to be done using third party software. 

The three key requirements of MTD (digital record keeping, quarterly updates, and digital tax return) will all have to be done in software. This can be achieved either using an 'all-in-one' specialist software to perform the end-to-end compliance process, or by using a combination of different software products. 

For instance, a taxpayer might prepare digital records on a spreadsheet, then use 'bridging software' to file quarterly updates, but ask their agent to use a commercial software package to file the digital tax return. 

When reviewing HMRC's MTD software choices page, it is important to note that not all products support submitting the digital tax return, which is the final step in the MTD compliance cycle. 

HMRC are writing to taxpayers during spring / summer 2025 where the amount of qualifying income declared on their 2023/24 tax return implies they may need to comply with MTD in future, assuming their income remains at a similar level in 2024/25.

We previously shared examples of the letters being sent by HMRC, and highlighted the risk of confusion arising from these letters as to the date from which taxpayers affected by basis period reform might need to comply with MTD.  

More definitive communications are planned after 31 January 2026 based on the income reported in 2024/25 tax returns, once those have been submitted. 

HMRC will not register taxpayers within scope of MTD automatically. If your income meets the relevant threshold, you will need to sign up to use MTD in much the same way as taxpayers register for Self-Assessment now.  The sign up facility is now open for both voluntary registrations (2025/26 tax year onwards) and to allow those who will need to comply from April 2026 to sign up in advance. See the following questions for further detail.

The MTD registration facility is currently open for:

• Voluntary registration for April 2025 (2025/26 tax year)
• Mandatory and voluntary registration for April 2026 (2026/27 tax year)

Taxpayers who want to register for MTD can do so via HMRC's MTD sign up facility, making sure to select whether they want to register from April 2025 or April 2026. 

There is no bulk sign-up service for agents, so registering clients in scope of MTD will be a time-consuming exercise, particularly for larger firms. 

The MTD registration facility is currently open for:

• Voluntary registration for April 2025 (2025/26 tax year)
• Mandatory and voluntary registration for April 2026 (2026/27 tax year)

Having discussed MTD with their affected clients and obtained the client's permission to sign them up, agents needing to register clients for MTD can do so via HMRC's sign up facility for agents. Be sure to select whether the clients should be signed up to MTD from April 2025 or April 2026. 

Penalties for late submissions by taxpayers within MTD will move to a points-based system, similar to the rules introduced for VAT in 2023. Under the points-based system, no financial penalty arises for the first late submission.

Late payment penalties are also changing for taxpayers within MTD, again aligned with the new rules for VAT.

There are no changes to penalties for failure to keep adequate records. A penalty of up to £3,000 may be charged for each failure to keep or preserve adequate records in relation to a return. This includes failures such as not maintaining digital records or breaks in digital links within functional compatible software.

There are no changes to penalties for inaccuracies. However, inaccuracy penalties do not apply to quarterly updates.

Additionally, there are no specific failure to notify penalties for MTD, but the normal penalties for failure to notify under Self Assessment will remain relevant. 

The new points-based late filing penalty system, and the new late payment penalty rules both apply from the tax year in which you are required to join MTD (different rules apply if you join MTD voluntarily, or during the testing phase – see below). They then continue to apply even if you later leave MTD.

If you're outside MTD, or the tax year you're filing relates to a year before you joined MTD, the normal Self Assessment penalty rules continue to apply.

If you voluntarily join MTD, or sign up for HMRC’s testing, the new penalty systems will apply from the date you join.

However, you will not receive penalty points for late quarterly updates during the MTD testing phase, or if you have chosen to be in MTD voluntarily. Penalty points for quarterly updates will only be issued once you are legally required to be in MTD.

Penalty points will still apply if your year end submission is late.

You will receive a point each time you miss a submission deadline – either for the year end submission, or for a quarterly update (if you are legally obliged to be in MTD).

Points accumulate until a threshold is reached, at which point a £200 penalty will be issued. Once the threshold has been reached, any further late submissions will result in an immediate £200 penalty. This position can only be reset once certain conditions are met - see ‘To reset the penalty position’ in the table below.

*NB lower threshold than for taxpayers mandated into MTD, because penalty points only accrue for year end submission for those in MTD voluntarily. 

Yes, HMRC have to notify a taxpayer when they receive a penalty point, and tell them what submission the penalty point was issued for. 

Penalty points are calculated separately for each tax.

This means if you get points for late VAT returns, they will not affect your MTD Income Tax penalty record, and vice versa.

Penalty points will expire after two years if you do not reach the penalty threshold.

The two-year expiry period starts at the beginning of the month following the one in which the relevant filing deadline passed.

This means if you do not accumulate enough points to trigger a penalty, any points you do have will automatically expire after two years, giving you a fresh start.

If you have multiple businesses, you will only have a single points total—even though you may need to file separate quarterly updates for each trade and/or property business.

You will only ever accrue one penalty point per quarter for late filing of quarterly updates, no matter how many businesses or trades you have.

For example, Tom is a self-employed gardener and is also a landlord. His combined qualifying income is over £50,000, so he must join MTD from 6 April 2026 (2026/27). Under MTD, Tom must send quarterly updates to HMRC for both his gardening business and his property business:

• The first quarterly update deadline is 7 July 2026, if Tom files both his gardening and property businesses quarterly updates late (i.e. after 7 July 2026), he will only receive one penalty point.
• If Tom gets three more points (for either his late quarterly updates or his year end submission), he will receive a £200 penalty.

Under the new late payment penalty regime, penalties are issued based on the number of days which the payment is overdue.

In addition to penalties, interest will be charged on any late payments, as it is currently. 

If you make an application for a Time To Pay agreement (TTP) before a penalty is charged and that is subsequently agreed, the penalty will  not be payable.  However, interest will continue to accrue. If you fail to meet the conditions agreed as part of your TTP agreement, then penalties will be charged in full as if it had never been in place.

HMRC are running a testing phase for MTD. Joining the testing could help you to understand in advance what MTD will involve for you. HMRC have a dedicated support team to help taxpayers in the testing program. 

There will be fewer consequences of getting things wrong during the testing phase – for instance there will be no penalties for being late submitting a quarterly update during the testing phase. 

Details of how to sign up for testing can be found on GOV.UK. 

Taxpayers can engage an agent to help them handle MTD, just as they can appoint an agent to look after their other tax affairs.

However, for taxpayers within MTD, HMRC have introduced a 'multiple agents' system to allow more than one agent to help them with their MTD compliance obligations. Taxpayers who are not in MTD can only have one agent.

See ‘How does multiple agents work for MTD?’.

No, HMRC have introduced a 'mulitple agents' system to allow more than one agent to support a taxpayer with MTD.

Agents will be able to agree with their clients whether they are best placed to look after all their MTD requirements, or whether another agent, such as a bookkeeper, might also be needed. Equally, some clients may choose to keep their own digital records and file quarterly updates themselves, only requiring one agent to prepare and file their digital tax return.

See ‘How does multiple agents work for MTD’ for more details.

See ‘What authorisation is required to act as a main or supporting agent’ for how to get the appropriate permissions in place. 

HMRC have introduced a system to allow multiple agents to be appointed where taxpayers want support with MTD from more than one agent.

The idea behind multiple agents is that the client can authorise one main agent and/or any number of supporting agents. Taxpayers who are not in MTD can only have one agent.

A common scenario might be that a taxpayer who will be in scope of MTD already has an agent who prepares their Self-Assessment returns. That taxpayer might want their agent to continue filing their tax returns under MTD, so that agent will become their main agent.

However, the main agent might not be best placed to handle day-to-day digital record keeping and/or submitting quarterly updates. So, the taxpayer might choose to appoint a bookkeeper as a supporting agent to look after those tasks, with the main agent remaining responsible for the year-end digital tax return and administering the taxpayer’s account with HMRC.

Alternatively, the taxpayer might choose to keep their own digital records then ask a supporting agent to submit quarterly updates to HMRC for them, and a main agent to deal with their digital tax return and administration of their wider tax affairs.

Main agents and supporting agents have different levels of permissions regarding a client’s tax affairs. A comparison chart of authorised actions for main and supporting agents can be found on GOV.UK.

Agent authorisations for MTD operate via the Agent Services Account (ASA).

For existing clients, agents can simply link their existing Online Services accounts to their ASA in order to copy existing client authorisations across to the ASA. There is no need for existing clients to reauthorise their agent.

Existing authorisations under the Online Services account will transfer to the ASA as main agent authorisations. See ‘How do agents transfer existing client authorisations into the Agent Services Account?’ for more information.

For new clients in MTD, agents will need to arrange client authorisation via their Agent Services Account, making sure to request authorisation as either main agent or a supporting agent, having agreed the appropriate roles with the client.

Note that the agent authorisation process is separate from the MTD registration process, so agents with clients needing to comply with MTD will first need to be authorised by their client, and will then need to register them for MTD at the appropriate time (or agree that the client will register themselves). 

Agents can link their Online Services account with their ASA in order to copy existing client authorisations into their ASA. Once the accounts are linked, the ASA should update for any subsequent authorisations added in the Online Services account (and vice versa).

This step can be taken at any point in time in the run up to MTD – linking to the ASA does not trigger MTD registration for clients (which is a separate step) or prevent other services being accessed for clients via the Online Services account.

HMRC have published guidance on linking the two types of agent account (Online Services account with the ASA) and have kindly shared screengrabs demonstrating the process of linking the two account types. Please note these screengrabs were taken in Spring 2025 and any subsequent changes may affect how the process is displayed. 

Both main agents and supporting agents are able to sign clients up to MTD. There won’t be a bulk sign-up service, so this will be a time-consuming exercise, particularly for larger firms. See the Registering for MTD section for details of how to sign clients up for MTD. 

The ATT has published a ‘get ready guide for agents’ which contains tips and advice on how to prepare your firm and your clients for MTD. You can find the guide via our MTD homepage. 

The ATT’s MTD resources are available via our Making Tax Digital for Income Tax homepage.

The following GOV.UK resources may also be of interest:

• HMRC's MTD technical publications
• Online tool to help determine when you might need to use MTD
• Exemptions from MTD
• HMRC’s list of compatible software
• Details of how to sign up for testing
• HMRC promotional material on the benefits of MTD.